Systems and techniques used in wooden houses and log houses
Wood is one of the most used building materials in historical buildings due to its properties such as processing, obtaining and easy transportation. It has a very short lifespan compared to stone. However; wood is superior to stone in terms of lightness, resistance to tensile and bending. By taking advantage of this feature, it was possible to pass large openings that could not be passed with stone, with wooden material. It is possible to see that wood is used as a beam on ceilings, floors and walls in traditional buildings or as a tension element in arched systems. In order for wood to be used as a building element for any purpose, it is necessary to know the structure of the wood at micro and macro level, to analyze how it behaves under loads, to know what kind of deterioration and damage that starts after deterioration. Wooden structures are generally masonry types made in regions where forest areas are concentrated. Along with traditional applications, a structure can be created with different types of carrier systems, depending on the knowledge and skill of the master. Wooden structures can be grouped into four classes depending on the load-bearing systems applied on the wall and the way the load-bearing system works. These can be classified as wooden structures with a load-bearing system consisting of logs (wood piling), wooden structures with or without inclined elements (struts) in the carrier system, and reinforced wooden structures with a load-bearing system (horizontal laths). Wood types used in wooden structures are generally pine, oak, walnut, poplar, cypress, beech and cedar.
Wooden structure according to the carrier system
a) Stacking of wood
b) with buttresses
c) strengthened by Baghdadi
d) Without buttresses
An ancient wooden structure; After the creation of different types of foundation systems on the ground, a wooden carcass is formed by combining the pillars, beams and buttresses on the foundation in the most accurate way at the appropriate scale. The wooden frame is supported on the foundations. A roof consisting of struts, beams, purlins, rafters and belt elements is built on top of the carcass in order to protect the formed wooden frame against external factors. The roof is covered with Turkish or Marseille tiles of certain shapes and sizes, and the outer Wood "works" but does not lengthen or shorten.
Water is not just a foreign substance coming to the wood from the outside or leftover from the tree's water-transmitting function, it is one of its main components. Some (25-30%) of the water in the wood is chemically bound to the wood fibers. One of the criticisms directed at wood is that the wood works, that is, its size changes with wetting or changes in ambient humidity. "Your window doesn't close well, or it rained, it swelled, it won't open" are complaints we hear frequently in daily life. However, if the selection and drying of the wood and the design of the wooden element are done correctly, these problems are not encountered. It should not be forgotten that every material works. Wood does not change size with heat, does not soften or harden with heat. There is a study only with water and only in cross sections. Even with water, wood does not work longitudinally. For this reason, wood provides great possibilities for the designer in passing very large openings. This problem can be avoided by paying attention to the straightness of the fibers in the longitudinal cross section of the wood as it changes size with moisture, by using "quarter cut" lumber if this problem is very important for the work being done.
Is wood alive?
I wonder if Turkish or Anatolian culture has a special relationship with wood? It is very interesting that idioms such as "wood is alive", "killing wood" are used among the people, and the change in size is called "working". Wood has entered our daily life so intensely that we can't seem to perceive it as a building material or an engineering material.
WOOD IS AN EXCELLENT ENGINEERING MATERIAL.
We must accept this fact, re-learn wood with the new technologies brought by our age and learn to use it correctly, as soon as possible. Do not forget! We will build our future with wood.
It is isolated from the environment. Walls are built using different methods in order to separate and isolate the structure from the outside in the gaps in the wooden frame. Overhangs are made in order to increase the usage area of the building or to give the building a view from different facades. After the wooden structure is created, it is decorated with veneer elements. In a traditionally constructed wooden structure, the backbone consists of a wooden frame. Ensuring resistance against all vertical and horizontal loads, not deforming, and long-term standing of the structure depends on the performance of the structural elements. The scaffolding consists of struts, beams, buttresses and fasteners that connect them as a system. After the system setup base beams are supported on the foundations, the pillars are connected to the base beam. In regions with high earthquake or wind intensity, the system is supported by struts. In case of more than one floor, the uprights are connected to each other by means of yokes.
20,000 different texture and color options
Another important feature of wood is that it has thousands of different species. There are over 20,000 tree species in the world, and if researched well, the appropriate species for the job will be found. tree species; They are distinguished from each other by their colour, texture, hardness, carrying ability, durability, ability to hold dye, ease of drying, and fiber smoothness. It is also necessary to pay attention to the softwood / hardwood classification. Softwoods mean coniferous, while hardwoods mean broadleaf. Hardwoods are not always hardy. For example, poplar is a hardwood type. Cedar is a softwood. The same tree is given different names in different countries. To be certain of the species in question, the Latin name of the species must be known.
The most important issue is the right design.
Of course, when using every material, it is important to know the properties of the material and design accordingly. For example, if the corners are sharp on wood, the paint will not hold. Let's say we are making a wooden window and we used the best wood, we made sure that our window will not rot by pre-protecting it, and we put the best paint on it, is that enough? If water and wind enter through our wooden window, these processes will be of no use. For this, we need to use the right sealing seals and the right glass mounting pastes or seals. One of the biggest mistakes is putting the wrong wick. Because it causes water to get inside. We use insulating glass for thermal insulation. When we look at the insulating glass installation brochure of Şişecam, we see that when attaching the insulating glass to the wood, leave a 3 mm gap on both sides of the glass and fill it with putty. But what are we doing? The glass slot is only one mm from the glass thickness. we make it wider and apply silicone paste on it and finish the job. When the slightest crack in the silicon layer causes water to enter, the wing to swell and rotate, we say "it's wood, it works" and get out of the way.